Contents • • • • • • • • • • History [ ] The history of the discovery of body plans can be seen as a movement from a worldview centred on the, to seeing the vertebrates as one body plan among many. Among the pioneering, Linnaeus identified two body plans outside the vertebrates; Cuvier identified three; and Haeckel had four, as well as the Protista with eight more, for a total of twelve. For comparison, the number of phyla recognised by modern zoologists has risen to 35. Linnaeus, 1735 [ ] In his 1735 book,, the Swedish grouped the animals into,, 'amphibians' (including, and ),, 'insects' (Insecta, in which he included, and ) and 'worms' (Vermes). Linnaeus's Vermes included effectively all other groups of animals, not only, and but, and,, and. Download Nsf Iso Registration Auditors on this page.

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Cuvier, 1817 [ ]. Further information: and, and development together determine the form of an adult organism's body, through the complex switching processes involved in. Developmental biologists seek to understand how genes control the development of structural features through a cascade of processes in which key genes produce, chemicals that diffuse through the body to produce a gradient that acts as a position indicator for cells, turning on other genes, some of which in turn produce other morphogens. A key discovery was the existence of groups of, which function as switches responsible for laying down the basic body plan in animals.

The homeobox genes are remarkably conserved between species as diverse as the fruit fly and man, the basic segmented pattern of the worm or fruit fly being the origin of the segmented spine in man. The field of animal ('Evo Devo'), which studies the genetics of in detail, is rapidly expanding with many of the developmental genetic cascades, particularly in the fruit fly, catalogued in considerable detail.